GPS system implementation using software defined radio platform

Every day new technologies are being developed and introduced to the market, shaping people's daily life. The principal aim of our society is making up an ecosystem that provides anything, anytime, anywhere. For this purpose, more powerful and efficient devices, improved devices are being designed as the key ingredients. In this report it is shown the study and the implementation of a Global Positioning Service device, a technology that is used by more than four thousand millions of users. The present work explores the Global Positioning System development using a Software Radio Defined Platform. The implementation of this development is divided into four main parts: GPS signal acquisition and treatment carried out by the receptor, GPS received signal demodulation using Binary Phase Shift Keying, decoding through Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum of the previous demodulated signal, and finally, once the necessary data from the message was obtained, the position estimation. In order to perform all the process it was used as working tool a device known as Universal Software Radio Peripheral. This device allows for analysing from a visual point of view more accurate the four different phases explained previously. These phases represent the basis to be able to achieve the necessary knowledge about proper operation ot the Global Positioning System. The whole application was developd using LabVIEW software, a data ow visual programming language and environment designed by National Instruments.Cada día nuevas tecnologías son desarrolladas e introducidas en el mercado, modelando así la vida diaria de la sociedad. El principal objetivo de nuestra sociedad es conseguir crear un ecosistema que proporcione lo que sea necesario, en cualquier momento y en cualquier lugar. Para ello, equipos más potentes, eficientes y mejorados son diseñados como los ingredientes claves de este nuevo ecosistema. En este trabajo se presenta el estudio y la implementación de un receptor de señales GPS, tecnología que hoy en día es utilizada por más de cuatro mil millones de usuarios. Para ello se lleva a cabo el desarrollo del Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) mediante la utilización de una plataforma de radio definida por software. La implementación del desarrollo se divide en cuatro procesos principales: adquisición y el tratamiento de la señal GPS por parte del receptor, demodulación por desplazamiento de fase binaria (BPSK) de la señal GPS recibida, decodificación en espectro ensanchado por secuencia directa (DSSS) de la señal demodulada y por último, una vez obtenidos los datos necesarios del mensaje, la estimación de la posición. Para la realización de todo el proceso se utilizó como herramienta de trabajo un dispositivo conocido como Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). Este aparato permite analizar desde un punto de vista visual más preciso las cuatro fases indicadas anteriormente. Estas fases suponen la base para lograr adquirir el conocimiento necesario sobre el funcionamiento del Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS). El desarrollo completo de la aplicación fue implementado utilizando LabVIEW, un entorno de desarrollo integrado diseñado por la conocida compañía National Instruments.Ingeniería en Tecnologías de Telecomunicació

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries